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Oaoe eco ycao cyoo ae - ao  o co coo oopo  o apae, . e. e aex peeo (apep, a  epee), a oopaaeo , coee aey  cy. cao ee oo ae a cee ooo oa, a pe, a yxo  yace ce. B ceco ecoc aey aco ycaaa eocpeceo a ee. eaeo, o aea axoac  eeopa, a eco ee ycao o ocyo  aea. o aeo oeae ocyae ae, a ae poay coeeo x epa. He  ycaaa aey o pe, a a pe caoo caa c epeaa C oaec eoo. Koa aea oa pa eeoe epea co ox cyo, eoxoo yec o, o c a o pocapac aa  Boco a yo 65  z. B o 130-payco ye   axoc pae cy. B pocee cyae y ooe o a a aa  Boco oo ep pacoppo. 
Eo paa  epaoy p  oecy  pocapa a pacoppo ecoc - e  pec. epee o oee c oo eooa  yoepx popo. eopaec  opee oo p coeo ooe  o peeo oe. Tooe pe o ac o eopaecoo pacooe aceeoo ya  pa pyx aopo. Hapep, pe o  Mca - 12   54 ...13   22 .  opeee apae a  a  opoao ococ, epeo o ypo, ycaaa o oecy epa p  ce a eo e, oea ee y. Haoee opoo e ae  c oe, oa oa apaea a Ceep. B c c e o  o a e eec ao, oea e  paoyaee o p o oa e  poo ey   Ceep - . aee ycaaa cpoo epao (o oecy) oopy pyy. Aey oopaa a  a, o opa oc OY  oc apao ea  epoao ococ, poxoe epe oc oopo py   oee pa apaee a . Aey eco copa  ape  pao  ycao ece. Ceye yec, o p acpoe aey pec eoo oopaa  epao  opoao ococx, ooy opyae pee e o pecoa oy e. C ocoo ocopooc eoxoo opaac c epao ae, a a aee eo eopa oy pec   peoy ce aeca paeoo caa. p ycaoe pcocoe  pee oepepa eaece py paoepo ape a pax apao, o e eoppoa epao ae. Koepep  epaee opepy coeee , o c epooc pooe  o yp oepepa. eaeo peycope aoay e. oeo oya  o aee ae. Ec oa e aeea, o oe pec  xoy  cpo oepepa o oece caecoo epeca  opa xooo cooacooo paa peo ycao - a  yapa o.  o  pyoe pocxo oe peo, o epooc ax aap cyecye. Oo  epe apaoeco ae pocepa oepce  c oo oa  a c aa ppya poo aee aepo 4...6 . aee poo coe c a-eee,  aece oopoo oy cooac py, yco eaa, c ec, axoec a ye 1 ,5...2 . Ec epae oepepa e eaec, o  opycy LNB pcoe poo  c epocaecx apo. Ae, ycaoee a aoax, ox, ceax a, e pey ooeoo  aee, a a a, a pao, ocae aoo aeee. B ex cyax, oa aeee eoxoo (aea ycaoea a oeoc  po e cox coopye, ocaex aeee), ooeo ycaaa oeoo - eaec p, oop oe  oac a 1 ,5...2  a aeo. Aea oa  ocaea cpoo ycpoco  ooo aee a C o y oopaa: ayy  yy eca Yo eca - o yo ey apaee a cy  ococ opoa. Ay - ooee cya o apae a Ceep  ococ opoa (o acoo cpee).  eocaoape C paee a pyoo ope, ococ oopo coaae c aopao ococ e  xapaepyec oo oopao - ocoo  aao ooo.  po  oo coyc  oca eca ycao peo cyoo ae. Ec  oa pea  axoac a aope, opepoa aey a cy oo o  o oo oopae (o yy eca), oopaa aey  o e ococ. Koa oa pea axoc e a aope, p pax aex oo cyo apae a x oac ya eca  aya. a ocaoo oo ooy C  oopa o pea (poy  ooy), oo c eoxooe apaee ae a o cy o ayy   yy eca. Te e eee acoo oo opee yoe apaee ae a cy eooo -a eooc ecx oopa aeo o pea  ocea ayaoo apae ae (p cooa oaca oa o - a a aoo coe    ax acc), a ae eooce oe aeoo opaae  ycao oyae. pa aoo eeca apa apaeoc apaooa oe aa. e peapeoo opeee eoxooo apae ae a cy eoo ce paec eooo "oa" eo ca, a oce opepoa o peyaa ce ceye ocyec oy cpoy apae ae eocpeceo o pey caa cyooo  pepacopa. Hapaee ae a cy ye ce aya A  ya eca M oc apaooa opee  ceye ope. Caaa c paoc oo : e 1 - ooa o pea, (2 - ooa cya. ec ae oo ceye oca c yeo aa (p aao  ooe - c opae ao, p ocoo - c ooe). ae opee yooe paccoe ey oo pea  ooee cya a aopo: C = arccos (cos cosu). ec (u - ceepa poa o pea. Pacca ay A apae ae a cy: A=180?arctg()/sin(u) ec a c coyec, oa cy pacooe aaee  o pea, a yc - oa o ocoee. Yo eca M apae ae a opoa apaee epx c o opye M=arctg(cosC-0 ,  15105 )/sinC Koopa o pea coy c acao ooc. oe opoa, apep Mc, ocaoo poee, ooy  oopa 53  z54 'ceepo po  27 z30'ocoo oo oocc oo  eeoo ae a aepeo pe Cco.  pyx paoo Mca  oopa yy ycpee  oy pec  eooc  paceax. Koopa o pea oo opee o oopaeco ape. ecp ceye ooae: (uo - eopaeca poa o paee aeo cyoo ae (epx o 0 -  ceepa poa,  - a); d - ooa ycao ae; d0  - ooee C a CO d-d0  - oopa ocyoo o.  opea ae a cy HOT BIRD, EUTELSAT II F1 (d=13 zE)  Mce aae opee oopa o- cyoo o: d-d0 =27  z-13  z=14  z30'. oyoc  ooeoe aee oopa o- cyoo o, ooy a apae eo oaa o  d-d0  pao o o 0. ae o  (u0 epx o o 0 oaa aee 54 z ceepo po. Ha epecee ypx , pooex o x oopa, opee ay. o apae o pae 200 z.  opeee ya eca o o aya eoxoo pao (a a aee ocyoo o ec  ooe) poec py o epecee c e ocea yo eca. oyae aee ya eca 28 z. Ec c ay  yo eca o pee e opya, oy ceye ae: A = 197 ,77  z  M= 27 ,14z.  oo ceye, o ooe aee A  M o peeo  apae opee paec eooo. Oao ooac apao eoxoo, a a ycao ae ae apaee opea a pao C. oee oo opea ae a C oo ocy p eo oece cyoo aapayp o aoey paeoy cay (ayee aeco opae  ya   o o pea). B oe cyoo ae poe apaoecoo opaae xo cce oec  pee ae. B cooec c a x cce cyoe ae opaec a ayae  ope. Ayae ae coco acpaac a pa cy   eco cpoac. ooe ooe aae oo a oec - ayao- yoeca, a a opepoae ae (oopo ae) ocyecec o y oopaa: o ayy  yy eca. Oea ocoeoc oo cocoa opepoa coco  o, o  oopoa o ayy aea paaec opy oc, pacooeo epeypo ooceo oepxoc e, oopa aaec ayao oc OY ae. Ha o poe o pea, a cee ceepoo   oo oco, ayaa oc epeceae ococ aopa  cooeceo ococ CO o ocp yo. o po  oy, o aoy cyy, axoeyc a CO, cooecy  ao o pea epcoae ae aya  ya eca apae ae. B cyae  epeopea ae c ooo cya a pyo pxoc e apaee ae o ayy  yy eca. ooy  ao ccee aea oopaaec  opoao ococ (o ayy) epoaee c peyopo   epao ococ (o yy eca) op epoaee c peyopo. Bce eocaoape cy axoc a oo , oopa pecae coo opyoc.  ooy ec oooc ec opea ae oo o oo po c oo ooo oopooo ycpoca.  oo aea oa paac o ayy e opy epao ayao oc, a opy ooeo oc, apaeo oc pae e, oopa coee ceep    eopaece oc. B c c e o  apae oc pae e axoc opa ea, a ooea oc aaec opo oc. a ccea opea oec a opeea  acpooecx popo. Oa ooe pa co eeox popa c pax C.  opo opea eoxo exa epao oc  oopoa ae o yy eca, o o coyc oo o pa, p ycaoe  ae. B aee epeopepoae ae c ooo cya a pyo ocyecec oo oopoo opy opo oc. ocoy oc pae e  opa oc  oece ae paece  pocpace a paccoe, coepoe c payco e (6366 )  c payco  eocaoapo op (  35 786  ), oae paa oa cocoa opea ( oy e e e ee eay apoopay opy). Ec epao ae ycaoeo a oece a, o a eeco apa apaeoc epeype opo oc oec, o  poecce pae epaa ooceo opo oc o ye apae ococ aopa  oa e epecee opy cyo- pepacopo.   acpo ae a eocaoapy opy a eeco H eoxoo oyc a yo a aae yo coe (ea). Koppepy yo ea pacca o opye a = arctg( sinu)/(6 ,618 -cosu) e (u - aee eopaeco po  oe pea. Koppe ooe  ae o yy ea ec ooeo  ocoo  aoo eopaecoo peoa. Oeo, o yo a p paee ae a oce ye aca  pa 8  z40'. o epe pe  aopy yo a yeaec o y, ec aea axoc  oo epoao ococ co cyo e. Ha CO ooee eoopx cyo ooaeo c o payca.  Hapep, cy KOPERNIKUS ee oopa 23 ,5 zE (o payc ec a 60  , . e. oa eca payca cocae 6  ). Ta opao, 23 ,5  z eoxoo a a 23  z30 '. Ec eca oopaa, paea  paycax, yax  ceyax, ee epeo  payc: 55  z42  '36  " = 55  + 42  /  60 + 36  /3600  = 55 ,71z. Bce caaoe e o ye ea oocc  ocecepo apaoeco aee. Yo ee aoa  opoy ac  epy oepe o eopaeco po eca ycao ae. e ceepee eco ycao ae, e ee ye ee ao  opoy. e ee ycaoea aea, e oe ye ee ao  opoy. B apacx cpaax ae pacooe o  opoao. Hapep,  Koo, e poxo  aopa, aea "e" opoao. Taa aa copae oaae  ee oca  aea epecae paoa. ooy  cpaax, oope axoc   aopa, ycaaa apaoece ae c oeco oepc a  epae.coyc  ocee ae, yo aoa oopx ac e oo o eopaeco po, o  o ocpy ae. peo oo ca, o ooee oceo ae a eppop Pecy eapyc oo  o  epaoy.  ocecepo ae yo  coe e  peeax 6...7z. K ecy ycao ae eoxoo oec epoae,  pecep  aoaap eeop. Ec aea ycaoea a aoe  o,  o e eoxooc, a a ce  a o pyo. Ec aea axoc a pe, ya ceye poec ye epoce   oe pecepa  eeopa. o eoxoo, a a  poecce opepoa ae a C yo xopoo e pa c eca ycao ae. Ec opepoo ae oe, ey  ceye ycao peey eeoy c, a cyoa aapaypa (pecep, eeop)  ocaec  appe. Hacpoa ae a oee aeceoe opaee e cea ae eoxo peya. P apyex p poo aop cyooo caa, oope co ooo opoo. Oao oe paoe oy oo x caocoeo.&~