           

        11 .      ,       .  ,      12  1851 ,     ,  -,          ,   .         ,       ,           .  1851           I.M. Singer Company ( Singer Manufacturing Company).  1855         Singer   .                ,     .        100  (    1851 )  10 ,        .  100     Singer     100    67  . ,   20       .      ,     .   2000   Singer ,          . 