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        (Jean Piaget) ,   21       .   ,    .

     ,  ,               1879    .       .

   ,       , ,           .    ,    .

     ,       ,     .      ,       .

          ,          ,    .  1996      ,      1978      (International Society of Political Psychology, ISPP).

      .   , ,       ,    ,   ,      .          ,     ,   ,      .

         ,            23 . 
